Youth Adda

Let Us C - By Yashwant Kanetkar

2008-12-25T07:32:00.001+05:30

Must needed book for C beginers.

Let Us C - By Yashwant Kanetkar(in PDF)

From hundreds of step-by-step examples and exercises for self-study to a basic coverage focusing on both the latest techniques and introductory material for beginners, LET US C is a reference any computer library must have.

code:
http://rapidshare.com/files/156304087/Let_Us_C_-_Yashwant_Kanetkar.pdf

Algorithms for Compiler Design

2008-12-25T07:23:00.001+05:30

Algorithms for Compiler Design (Electrical and Computer Engineering Series)

A compiler translates a high-level language program into a functionally equivalent low-level language program that can be understood and executed by the computer. Crucial to any computer system, effective compiler design is also one of the most complex areas of system development. Before any code for a modern compiler is even written, many students and even experienced programmers have difficulty with the high-level algorithms that will be necessary for the compiler to function. Written with this in mind, Algorithms for Compiler Design teaches the fundamental algorithms that underlie modern compilers. The book focuses on the "front-end" of compiler design: lexical analysis, parsing, and syntax. Blending theory with practical examples throughout, the book presents these difficult topics clearly and thoroughly. The final chapters on code generation and optimization complete a solid foundation for learning the broader requirements of an entire compiler design.

code:
http://w17.easy-share.com/1702732472.html

Windows XP SP3 Music Edition 2009

2008-12-25T06:52:00.000+05:30

Windows XP SP3 Music Edition 2009

OS - Windows Music Edition

Base on - XP sp3 5.1.2600.5512

Type - Dvd Iso

Size - 1.8 Gb

Windows xp is fast and easy to use , and its 100% genuine

Apps :

Eset AntiVirus Business Edition v.3.0.669

Daemon Tools 4.10

DVD Decrypter 3.5.4.0

Magic ISO 5.4.0247

Nero Micro 8.3.6.0

MIRC 6.31

YahooMessenger 9.0.0.1389 BETA

Skype 3.6.32.216

WindowsLiveMessenger 8.5.1302

AC3-Filter 1.46

Avi codec 1.2.113

Codec Installer 2.8.0

ffdshow rev1431

K-Lite.Mega Codec.Pack 3.57

Vista Codecs 4.50

XVid 1.1.3

KGB Archiver 1.2.1.24

WinRAR 3.71

GIMP 2.2.17

Xara 3D 6.00

XnView 1.92

Sang it 9

IDM 5.14.4

CyberLink.Powerdvd 8.0.1531

Jet Audio 7.1.1.3101

Magic Audio Converter v8.3.2

Media-Monkey-Gold-v2.5.5.998

RM To MP3 WAV Converter v2.15

Sound Forge v9.0a (Build-297)

Allok Video Joiner 3.3.1116

Apollo MPEG to DVD Burner 3.8.6

ApolloDVDCreator 4.5.1

YoutubeGet 4.0

XilisoftVideoConverter 3.1.44.1105b

TotalVideoConverter 3.10

TMPGEnc4.0XPress 4.2.3.193

Easy.Real.Converter 1.5

AVS.Video.Tools 5.1

ZoomPlayer 5.0

Core Media Player 4.11.452

KMPlayer 2.9.3.1428

Media Player Classic 6.4.9.1

Video LAN 086i

Nokia PC Suite 6.85.R11

eMule 0.48a

UTorrent 1.7.5

TuneUp Utilities 2008

7Zip 4.57

Your Uninstaller 2008 v6.1.1252

Winamp Player 5.54

Mozila Firefox 3.1

Rocket Dock 1.3.5

Runtimes :

.net 1.1 sp1

.net 2 sp2

.net 3 sp2

.net 3.5 sp1

Drivers :

Driver Pack Chipset 8.3

Driver Pack CPU 8.4

Driver Pack Graphics A 8.4

Driver Pack Graphics B 8.4

Driver Pack Graphics C 8.4

Driver Pack LAN 8.5.3

Driver Pack Mass Storage 8.5

Driver Pack Sound A 8.5

Driver Pack Sound B 8.5

Driver Pack WLAN 8.6

Logon Screen :

Some Themes (16 included):

Code:

http://rapidshare.com/files/170147127/Windows_XP_SP3_Music_Edition_www.extremezone.3xforum.ro.part01.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/170156810/Windows_XP_SP3_Music_Edition_www.extremezone.3xforum.ro.part02.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/170167996/Windows_XP_SP3_Music_Edition_www.extremezone.3xforum.ro.part03.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/170182750/Windows_XP_SP3_Music_Edition_www.extremezone.3xforum.ro.part04.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/170235423/Windows_XP_SP3_Music_Edition_www.extremezone.3xforum.ro.part05.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/170267641/Windows_XP_SP3_Music_Edition_www.extremezone.3xforum.ro.part06.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/170278420/Windows_XP_SP3_Music_Edition_www.extremezone.3xforum.ro.part07.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/170304127/Windows_XP_SP3_Music_Edition_www.extremezone.3xforum.ro.part08.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/170332417/Windows_XP_SP3_Music_Edition_www.extremezone.3xforum.ro.part09.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/170341262/Windows_XP_SP3_Music_Edition_www.extremezone.3xforum.ro.part10.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/170347385/Windows_XP_SP3_Music_Edition_www.extremezone.3xforum.ro.part11.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/170353416/Windows_XP_SP3_Music_Edition_www.extremezone.3xforum.ro.part12.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/170363181/Windows_XP_SP3_Music_Edition_www.extremezone.3xforum.ro.part13.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/170369230/Windows_XP_SP3_Music_Edition_www.extremezone.3xforum.ro.part14.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/170379410/Windows_XP_SP3_Music_Edition_www.extremezone.3xforum.ro.part15.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/170379484/Windows_XP_SP3_Music_Edition_www.extremezone.3xforum.ro.part16.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/170379521/Windows_XP_SP3_Music_Edition_www.extremezone.3xforum.ro.part17.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/170471744/Windows_XP_SP3_Music_Edition_www.extremezone.3xforum.ro.part18.rar

Nero 8 With 100% Working Keygen

2008-12-25T06:45:00.000+05:30

Nero 8 - The Ultimate solution for Data, Video, Photo, Audio and BackUp!

Nero 8 is a software solution that brings the digital world to your PC with features that make it fun and easy to create multimedia projects with high-quality, professional results. Create MP3 mixes and edit vacation videos in High Definition format. Share content around the world with simple Internet upload functions. Burn a disc with just one click, and then enjoy it in any room in your house with versatile streaming features. Rest easy knowing your data is safe in the event of a system crash or a damaged disc. Nero 8 lets you live the digital life with cutting-edge technology and world-class features.

New and Improved Features in Nero 8 :

* Direct access to all features from the project launcher

* High Definition format support

* Xbox 360™ and PlayStation® 3 streaming features

* Blu-ray Disc and HD DVD burning support

* SecurDisc data protection support

* Copy a disc with just one click

* Graphics optimized for Windows Vista™

* Continual free updates

The following applications are included in Nero 8:

• Nero Mobile – Media Center for Mobile Devices (Included in the Retail version of Nero 8 only)

• Nero Home 3 – Media Management System

• Nero Scout – Database Technology

• Nero StartSmart 8 – One-Click Project Launcher

• Nero Burning ROM 8 – Expert CD and DVD Burning

• Nero Express 8 – Easy Interface CD and DVD Burning

• Nero WaveEditor 4 – Audio Editing and Recording

• Nero SoundTrax 3 – Professional Audio Mixing

• Nero Vision 5 – Video Editing and Authoring

• Nero Recode 2 – The World’s Fastest Video Converter

• Nero ShowTime 4 – DVD and Multimedia Player

• Nero MediaHome 3 – UPnPTM Streaming Solution

• Nero ControlCenter – Simplified Customization and Configuration

• Nero PhotoSnap – Photo Editing

• Nero PhotoSnap Viewer – Photo Viewing

• Nero CoverDesigner 3 – CD and DVD Label Design

• Nero BackItUp 3 – Complete Backup Solution

• Nero ImageDrive 3 – Virtual Drive Setup

• Nero DiscSpeed 4 – Improve Optical Drive Performance

• Nero DriveSpeed 3 – Complete Optical Drive Control

• Nero RescueAgent – Improved File Recovery

• Nero BurnRights – Easily Deployable Burning Rights

• Nero InfoTool 5 – Drive and Disc Analysis

• InCD 5 – Packet Writing Solution

• SecurDisc Viewer – View SecurDisc protected files

Supported Platforms: Windows XP / 2000 / Vista

Download :-

part1:
http://rapidshare.com/files/109702297/Nero_8.2.8.0_Ultra_Edition_Full.part1.rar

part2:
http://rapidshare.com/files/126891980/Nero_8.2.8.0_Ultra_Edition_Full.part2.rar

Keygen:
http://rapidshare.com/files/126956635/Nero_8_Keygen.rar

2008-12-24T23:39:00.000+05:30

1 million serials for applications, games, etc.

code:
http://rapidshare.com/files/141908267/1.Million.Serials.www.amaderforum.com.rar

See Your Self After 20 Years ExtremeZone Pack

2008-12-24T23:38:00.000+05:30

How Will You Look Like in 20 Years?

Want to peek into the future but time machine tickets are always sold out?
Take a shortcut with revolutionary new product that will fast-forward twenty years in just seconds!
ProphecyMaster will show you how a person will look like in 20 years by realistically aging their face.
Satisfy your curiosity and save on tickets to the time machine!
You Just Need a Picture!

It just takes a single head shot or any picture that has a face anywhere on it.
Open that picture with ProphecyMaster, click a button and watch how twenty years can pass in just moments.
Prophecy Master is a perfect time machine that will bring you into the future with no effort.
Irritating Girlfriend? Dump Her in a Second!

Tried everything reasonable to let your girlfriend leave but failed?
Try the new high-tech way of dumping girlfriends!
ProphecyMaster makes girlfriend dumping easy as 1-2-3.
Just send her a picture of her face aged 20 years, and she’ll leave you with no second thought – unless she has a good sense of humor, of course!

Sophisticated Technologies Used for Your Entertainment

ProphecyMaster employs the latest and newest technologies in facial recognition and face transformation.
The product detects a face on any picture, analyzes its facial features, and applies sophisticated mathematical transformations to age the face twenty years. The results are truly photo-realistic – nothing like cartoons or drawings! You can use old pictures or scratched, faded or black-and-white photos of yourself or your ancestors in the past to make sure how close to reality ProphecyMaster is.
Just grab an old photo and run a test!
Share Your Experience!

Got an exceptionally interesting result?
Share it with your friends and family by emailing it from within ProphecyMaster in just a few clicks!

code:
http://rapidshare.com/files/169374199/See_Your_Self_After_20_Years_PACK.rar

Nvidia DVD Player

2008-12-24T23:36:00.000+05:30

http://rapidshare.com/files/176058981/Nvidia_DVD_Player_FULL_v2.55___Patch.rar

How to use the Google calculator?

2008-06-26T19:18:00.001+05:30

How to use the Google calculator:

Google’s calculator tries to understand the problem you are attempting to solve without requiring you to use special syntax. However, it may be helpful to know the most direct way to pose a question to get the best results. Listed below are a few suggestions for the most common type of expressions (and a few more esoteric ones).

Most operators come between the two numbers they combine, such as the plus sign in the expression 1+1.

Operator Function Example
+ addition 3+44
- subtraction 13-5
* multiplication 7*8
/ division 12/3
^ exponentiation (raise to a power of) 8^2
% modulo (finds the remainder after division) 8%7
choose X choose Y determines the number of ways of choosing a set of Y elements from a set of X elements 18 choose 4
th root of calculates the nth root of a number 5th root of 32
% of X % of Y computes X percent of Y 20% of 150

Some operators work on only one number and should come before that number. In these cases, it often helps to put the number in parentheses.

Operator Function Example
sqrt square root sqrt(9)
sin, cos, etc. trigonometric functions (numbers are assumed to be radians) sin(pi/3)
tan(45 degrees)
ln logarithm base e ln(17)
log logarithm base 10 log(1,000)

A few operators come after the number.

Operator Function Example
! factorial 5!

Other good things to know

You can force the calculator to try and evaluate an expression by putting an equals sign (=) after it. This only works if the expression is mathematically resolvable. For example, 1-800-555-1234= will return a result, but 1/0= will not.

Parentheses can be used to enclose the parts of your expression that you want evaluated first. For example, (1+2)*3 causes the addition to happen before the multiplication.

The in operator is used to specify what units you want used to express the answer. Put the word in followed by the name of a unit at the end of your expression. This works well for unit conversions such as: 5 kilometers in miles.

You can use hexadecimal, octal and binary numbers. Prefix hexadecimal numbers with 0x, octal numbers with 0o and binary numbers with 0b. For example: 0x7f + 0b10010101.

The calculator understands many different units, as well as many physical and mathematical constants. These can be used in your expression. Many of these constants and units have both long and short names. You can use either name in most cases. For example, km and kilometer both work, as do c and the speed of light.

Feel free to experiment with the calculator as not all of its capabilities are listed here. To get you started, we’ve included a few expressions linked to their results.

1 a.u./c
56*78
1.21 GW / 88 mph
e^(i pi)+1
100 miles in kilometers
sine(30 degrees)
G*(6e24 kg)/(4000 miles)^2
0x7d3 in roman numerals
0b1100101*0b1001

More info on:

http://www.google.co.in/help/calculator.html

Beep Code Manual Know the problem in ur pc

2008-06-26T19:13:00.000+05:30

Beep Code Manual, Better Than Gold Techies, American Megatrends Int. & Phoenix

(I'm IT, I use these codes to trouble shoot hardware issues at my job. Enjoy) cold.gif

BIOS Beep Codes

When a computer is first turned on, or rebooted, its BIOS performs a power-on self test (POST) to test the system's hardware, checking to make sure that all of the system's hardware components are working properly. Under normal circumstances, the POST will display an error message; however, if the BIOS detects an error before it can access the video card, or if there is a problem with the video card, it will produce a series of beeps, and the pattern of the beeps indicates what kind of problem the BIOS has detected.
Because there are many brands of BIOS, there are no standard beep codes for every BIOS.

The two most-used brands are AMI (American Megatrends International) and Phoenix.

Below are listed the beep codes for AMI systems, and here are the beep codes for Phoenix systems.

AMI Beep Codes

Beep Code Meaning
1 beep DRAM refresh failure. There is a problem in the system memory or the motherboard.
2 beeps Memory parity error. The parity circuit is not working properly.
3 beeps Base 64K RAM failure. There is a problem with the first 64K of system memory.
4 beeps System timer not operational. There is problem with the timer(s) that control functions on the motherboard.
5 beeps Processor failure. The system CPU has failed.
6 beeps Gate A20/keyboard controller failure. The keyboard IC controller has failed, preventing gate A20 from switching the processor to protect mode.
7 beeps Virtual mode exception error.
8 beeps Video memory error. The BIOS cannot write to the frame buffer memory on the video card.
9 beeps ROM checksum error. The BIOS ROM chip on the motherboard is likely faulty.
10 beeps CMOS checksum error. Something on the motherboard is causing an error when trying to interact with the CMOS.
11 beeps Bad cache memory. An error in the level 2 cache memory.
1 long beep, 2 short Failure in the video system.
1 long beep, 3 short A failure has been detected in memory above 64K.
1 long beep, 8 short Display test failure.
Continuous beeping A problem with the memory or video.
BIOS Beep Codes

Phoenix Beep Codes

Phoenix uses sequences of beeps to indicate problems. The "-" between each number below indicates a pause between each beep sequence. For example, 1-2-3 indicates one beep, followed by a pause and two beeps, followed by a pause and three beeps. Phoenix version before 4.x use 3-beep codes, while Phoenix versions starting with 4.x use 4-beep codes. Click here for AMI BIOS beep codes.
4-Beep Codes
Beep Code Meaning
1-1-1-3 Faulty CPU/motherboard. Verify real mode.
1-1-2-1 Faulty CPU/motherboard.
1-1-2-3 Faulty motherboard or one of its components.
1-1-3-1 Faulty motherboard or one of its components. Initialize chipset registers with initial POST values.
1-1-3-2 Faulty motherboard or one of its components.
1-1-3-3 Faulty motherboard or one of its components. Initialize CPU registers.
1-1-3-2
1-1-3-3
1-1-3-4 Failure in the first 64K of memory.
1-1-4-1 Level 2 cache error.
1-1-4-3 I/O port error.
1-2-1-1 Power management error.
1-2-1-2
1-2-1-3 Faulty motherboard or one of its components.
1-2-2-1 Keyboard controller failure.
1-2-2-3 BIOS ROM error.
1-2-3-1 System timer error.
1-2-3-3 DMA error.
1-2-4-1 IRQ controller error.
1-3-1-1 DRAM refresh error.
1-3-1-3 A20 gate failure.
1-3-2-1 Faulty motherboard or one of its components.
1-3-3-1 Extended memory error.
1-3-3-3
1-3-4-1
1-3-4-3 Error in first 1MB of system memory.
1-4-1-3
1-4-2-4 CPU error.
1-4-3-1
2-1-4-1 BIOS ROM shadow error.
1-4-3-2
1-4-3-3 Level 2 cache error.
1-4-4-1
1-4-4-2
2-1-1-1 Faulty motherboard or one of its components.
2-1-1-3
2-1-2-1 IRQ failure.
2-1-2-3 BIOS ROM error.
2-1-2-4
2-1-3-2 I/O port failure.
2-1-3-1
2-1-3-3 Video system failure.
2-1-1-3
2-1-2-1 IRQ failure.
2-1-2-3 BIOS ROM error.
2-1-2-4 I/O port failure.
2-1-4-3
2-2-1-1 Video card failure.
2-2-1-3
2-2-2-1
2-2-2-3 Keyboard controller failure.
2-2-3-1 IRQ error.
2-2-4-1 Error in first 1MB of system memory.
2-3-1-1
2-3-3-3 Extended memory failure.
2-3-2-1 Faulty motherboard or one of its components.
2-3-2-3
2-3-3-1 Level 2 cache error.
2-3-4-1
2-3-4-3 Motherboard or video card failure.
2-3-4-1
2-3-4-3
2-4-1-1 Motherboard or video card failure.
2-4-1-3 Faulty motherboard or one of its components.
2-4-2-1 RTC error.
2-4-2-3 Keyboard controller error.
2-4-4-1 IRQ error.
3-1-1-1
3-1-1-3
3-1-2-1
3-1-2-3 I/O port error.
3-1-3-1
3-1-3-3 Faulty motherboard or one of its components.
3-1-4-1
3-2-1-1
3-2-1-2 Floppy drive or hard drive failure.
3-2-1-3 Faulty motherboard or one of its components.
3-2-2-1 Keyboard controller error.
3-2-2-3
3-2-3-1
3-2-4-1 Faulty motherboard or one of its components.
3-2-4-3 IRQ error.
3-3-1-1 RTC error.
3-3-1-3 Key lock error.
3-3-3-3 Faulty motherboard or one of its components.
3-3-3-3
3-3-4-1
3-3-4-3
3-4-1-1
3-4-1-3
3-4-2-1
3-4-2-3
3-4-3-1
3-4-4-1
3-4-4-4 Faulty motherboard or one of its components.
4-1-1-1 Floppy drive or hard drive failure.
4-2-1-1
4-2-1-3
4-2-2-1 IRQ failure.
4-2-2-3
4-2-3-1
4-2-3-3
4-2-4-1 Faulty motherboard or one of its components.
4-2-4-3 Keyboard controller error.
4-3-1-3
4-3-1-4
4-3-2-1
4-3-2-2
4-3-3-1
4-3-4-1
4-3-4-3 Faulty motherboard or one of its components.
4-3-3-2
4-3-3-4 IRQ failure.
4-3-3-3
4-3-4-2 Floppy drive or hard drive failure.
3-Beep Codes
Beep Code Meaning
1-1-2 Faulty CPU/motherboard.
1-1-3 Faulty motherboard/CMOS read-write failure.
1-1-4 Faulty BIOS/BIOS ROM checksum error.
1-2-1 System timer not operational. There is a problem with the timer(s) that control functions on the motherboard.
1-2-2
1-2-3 Faulty motherboard/DMA failure.
1-3-1 Memory refresh failure.
1-3-2
1-3-3
1-3-4 Failure in the first 64K of memory.
1-4-1 Address line failure.
1-4-2 Parity RAM failure.
1-4-3 Timer failure.
1-4-4 NMI port failure.
2-_-_ Any combination of beeps after 2 indicates a failure in the first 64K of memory.
3-1-1 Master DMA failure.
3-1-2 Slave DMA failure.
3-1-3
3-1-4 Interrupt controller failure.
3-2-4 Keyboard controller failure.
3-3-1
3-3-2 CMOS error.
3-3-4 Video card failure.
3-4-1 Video card failure.
4-2-1 Timer failure.
4-2-2 CMOS shutdown failure.
4-2-3 Gate A20 failure.
4-2-4 Unexpected interrupt in protected mode.
4-3-1 RAM test failure.
4-3-3 Timer failure.
4-3-4 Time of day clock failure.
4-4-1 Serial port failure.
4-4-2 Parallel port failure.
4-4-3 Math coprocessor.

Do you Know the10 reasons why your PCs crash ?

2008-06-26T19:12:00.000+05:30

10 reasons why PCs crash U must Know

Fatal error: the system has become unstable or is busy," it says. "Enter to return to Windows or press Control-Alt-Delete to restart your computer. If you do this you will lose any unsaved information in all open applications."

You have just been struck by the Blue Screen of Death. Anyone who uses Mcft Windows will be familiar with this. What can you do? More importantly, how can you prevent it happening?

1 Hardware conflict

The number one reason why Windows crashes is hardware conflict. Each hardware device communicates to other devices through an interrupt request channel (IRQ). These are supposed to be unique for each device.

For example, a printer usually connects internally on IRQ 7. The keyboard usually uses IRQ 1 and the floppy disk drive IRQ 6. Each device will try to hog a single IRQ for itself.

If there are a lot of devices, or if they are not installed properly, two of them may end up sharing the same IRQ number. When the user tries to use both devices at the same time, a crash can happen. The way to check if your computer has a hardware conflict is through the following route:

* Start-Settings-Control Panel-System-Device Manager.

Often if a device has a problem a yellow '!' appears next to its description in the Device Manager. Highlight Computer (in the Device Manager) and press Properties to see the IRQ numbers used by your computer. If the IRQ number appears twice, two devices may be using it.

Sometimes a device might share an IRQ with something described as 'IRQ holder for PCI steering'. This can be ignored. The best way to fix this problem is to remove the problem device and reinstall it.

Sometimes you may have to find more recent drivers on the internet to make the device function properly. A good resource is www.driverguide.com. If the device is a soundcard, or a modem, it can often be fixed by moving it to a different slot on the motherboard (be careful about opening your computer, as you may void the warranty).

When working inside a computer you should switch it off, unplug the mains lead and touch an unpainted metal surface to discharge any static electricity.

To be fair to Mcft, the problem with IRQ numbers is not of its making. It is a legacy problem going back to the first PC designs using the IBM 8086 chip. Initially there were only eight IRQs. Today there are 16 IRQs in a PC. It is easy to run out of them. There are plans to increase the number of IRQs in future designs.

2 Bad Ram

Ram (random-access memory) problems might bring on the blue screen of death with a message saying Fatal Exception Error. A fatal error indicates a serious hardware problem. Sometimes it may mean a part is damaged and will need replacing.

But a fatal error caused by Ram might be caused by a mismatch of chips. For example, mixing 70-nanosecond (70ns) Ram with 60ns Ram will usually force the computer to run all the Ram at the slower speed. This will often crash the machine if the Ram is overworked.

One way around this problem is to enter the BIOS settings and increase the wait state of the Ram. This can make it more stable. Another way to troubleshoot a suspected Ram problem is to rearrange the Ram chips on the motherboard, or take some of them out. Then try to repeat the circumstances that caused the crash. When handling Ram try not to touch the gold connections, as they can be easily damaged.

Parity error messages also refer to Ram. Modern Ram chips are either parity (ECC) or non parity (non-ECC). It is best not to mix the two types, as this can be a cause of trouble.

EMM386 error messages refer to memory problems but may not be connected to bad Ram. This may be due to free memory problems often linked to old Dos-based programmes.

3 BIOS settings

Every motherboard is supplied with a range of chipset settings that are decided in the factory. A common way to access these settings is to press the F2 or delete button during the first few seconds of a boot-up.

Once inside the BIOS, great care should be taken. It is a good idea to write down on a piece of paper all the settings that appear on the screen. That way, if you change something and the computer becomes more unstable, you will know what settings to revert to.

A common BIOS error concerns the CAS latency. This refers to the Ram. Older EDO (extended data out) Ram has a CAS latency of 3. Newer SDRam has a CAS latency of 2. Setting the wrong figure can cause the Ram to lock up and freeze the computer's display.

Mcft Windows is better at allocating IRQ numbers than any BIOS. If possible set the IRQ numbers to Auto in the BIOS. This will allow Windows to allocate the IRQ numbers (make sure the BIOS setting for Plug and Play OS is switched to 'yes' to allow Windows to do this.).

4 Hard disk drives

After a few weeks, the information on a hard disk drive starts to become piecemeal or fragmented. It is a good idea to defragment the hard disk every week or so, to prevent the disk from causing a screen freeze. Go to

* Start-Programs-Accessories-System Tools-Disk Defragmenter

This will start the procedure. You will be unable to write data to the hard drive (to save it) while the disk is defragmenting, so it is a good idea to schedule the procedure for a period of inactivity using the Task Scheduler.

The Task Scheduler should be one of the small icons on the bottom right of the Windows opening page (the desktop).

Some lockups and screen freezes caused by hard disk problems can be solved by reducing the read-ahead optimisation. This can be adjusted by going to

* Start-Settings-Control Panel-System Icon-Performance-File System-Hard Disk.

Hard disks will slow down and crash if they are too full. Do some housekeeping on your hard drive every few months and free some space on it. Open the Windows folder on the C drive and find the Temporary Internet Files folder. Deleting the contents (not the folder) can free a lot of space.

Empty the Recycle Bin every week to free more space. Hard disk drives should be scanned every week for errors or bad sectors. Go to

* Start-Programs-Accessories-System Tools-ScanDisk

Otherwise assign the Task Scheduler to perform this operation at night when the computer is not in use.

5 Fatal OE exceptions and VXD errors

Fatal OE exception errors and VXD errors are often caused by video card problems.

These can often be resolved easily by reducing the resolution of the video display. Go to

* Start-Settings-Control Panel-Display-Settings

Here you should slide the screen area bar to the left. Take a look at the colour settings on the left of that window. For most desktops, high colour 16-bit depth is adequate.

If the screen freezes or you experience system lockups it might be due to the video card. Make sure it does not have a hardware conflict. Go to

* Start-Settings-Control Panel-System-Device Manager

Here, select the + beside Display Adapter. A line of text describing your video card should appear. Select it (make it blue) and press properties. Then select Resources and select each line in the window. Look for a message that says No Conflicts.

If you have video card hardware conflict, you will see it here. Be careful at this point and make a note of everything you do in case you make things worse.

The way to resolve a hardware conflict is to uncheck the Use Automatic Settings box and hit the Change Settings button. You are searching for a setting that will display a No Conflicts message.

Another useful way to resolve video problems is to go to

* Start-Settings-Control Panel-System-Performance-Graphics

Here you should move the Hardware Acceleration slider to the left. As ever, the most common cause of problems relating to graphics cards is old or faulty drivers (a driver is a small piece of software used by a computer to communicate with a device).

Look up your video card's manufacturer on the internet and search for the most recent drivers for it.

6 Viruses

Often the first sign of a virus infection is instability. Some viruses erase the boot sector of a hard drive, making it impossible to start. This is why it is a good idea to create a Windows start-up disk. Go to

* Start-Settings-Control Panel-Add/Remove Programs

Here, look for the Start Up Disk tab. Virus protection requires constant vigilance.

A virus scanner requires a list of virus signatures in order to be able to identify viruses. These signatures are stored in a DAT file. DAT files should be updated weekly from the website of your antivirus software manufacturer.

An excellent antivirus programme is McAfee VirusScan by Network Associates ( www.nai.com). Another is Norton AntiVirus 2000, made by Symantec ( www.symantec.com).

7 Printers

The action of sending a document to print creates a bigger file, often called a postscript file.

Printers have only a small amount of memory, called a buffer. This can be easily overloaded. Printing a document also uses a considerable amount of CPU power. This will also slow down the computer's performance.

If the printer is trying to print unusual characters, these might not be recognised, and can crash the computer. Sometimes printers will not recover from a crash because of confusion in the buffer. A good way to clear the buffer is to unplug the printer for ten seconds. Booting up from a powerless state, also called a cold boot, will restore the printer's default settings and you may be able to carry on.

8 Software

A common cause of computer crash is faulty or badly-installed software. Often the problem can be cured by uninstalling the software and then reinstalling it. Use Norton Uninstall or Uninstall Shield to remove an application from your system properly. This will also remove references to the programme in the System Registry and leaves the way clear for a completely fresh copy.

The System Registry can be corrupted by old references to obsolete software that you thought was uninstalled. Use Reg Cleaner by Jouni Vuorio to clean up the System Registry and remove obsolete entries. It works on Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows 98 SE (Second Edition), Windows Millennium Edition (ME), NT4 and Windows 2000.

Read the instructions and use it carefully so you don't do permanent damage to the Registry. If the Registry is damaged you will have to reinstall your operating system. Reg Cleaner can be obtained from www.jv16.org

Often a Windows problem can be resolved by entering Safe Mode. This can be done during start-up. When you see the message "Starting Windows" press F4. This should take you into Safe Mode.

Safe Mode loads a minimum of drivers. It allows you to find and fix problems that prevent Windows from loading properly.

Sometimes installing Windows is difficult because of unsuitable BIOS settings. If you keep getting SUWIN error messages (Windows setup) during the Windows installation, then try entering the BIOS and disabling the CPU internal cache. Try to disable the Level 2 (L2) cache if that doesn't work.

Remember to restore all the BIOS settings back to their former settings following installation.

9 Overheating

Central processing units (CPUs) are usually equipped with fans to keep them cool. If the fan fails or if the CPU gets old it may start to overheat and generate a particular kind of error called a kernel error. This is a common problem in chips that have been overclocked to operate at higher speeds than they are supposed to.

One remedy is to get a bigger better fan and install it on top of the CPU. Specialist cooling fans/heatsinks are available from www.computernerd.com or www.coolit.com

CPU problems can often be fixed by disabling the CPU internal cache in the BIOS. This will make the machine run more slowly, but it should also be more stable.

10 Power supply problems

With all the new construction going on around the country the steady supply of electricity has become disrupted. A power surge or spike can crash a computer as easily as a power cut.

If this has become a nuisance for you then consider buying a uninterrupted power supply (UPS). This will give you a clean power supply when there is electricity, and it will give you a few minutes to perform a controlled shutdown in case of a power cut.

It is a good investment if your data are critical, because a power cut will cause any unsaved data to be lost.

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